Addition polymerization reactions (Physical Properties)

Addition polymerization reactions   (Physical Properties)

The polymerization is a chemical process by which the reactive monomers (molecular weight compounds) are grouped together chemically, resulting in a large weight molecule named polymer, or a straight chain or a three-dimensional macromolecule.

You can sort the polymerization reactions according to two criteria:

 ADDITION - CONDENSATION

Is by addition polymerization if the monomer molecule becomes part of the polymer without loss of atoms.
A polymer is water soluble when it has a sufficient number of hydrophilic groups along the main chain or side chain. These groups include primarily amines, amides, carboxyl groups and sulfonic groups. Within a water-soluble polymers are very important group polyelectrolytes.
These are polymers whose monomers can lose ions of low molecular weight and become electrically charged. Deriving these ions are called counterions.

A typical example of an addition polymerization of free radical polymerization is vinyl chloride, H: C=CHCl, polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

At lower temperatures the polymers become harder and with certain characteristics vitreous loss due to relative movement between the chains which form the material

At high temperatures, the polymers become highly viscous liquids in which the chains are constantly in motion changing its shape and sliding over each other.

USES, APPLICATIONS AND AMBIENTAL IMPACT

USES, APPLICATIONS
AND AMBIENTAL IMPACT.

•          Polyethylene

Plastic bags, refillable bottles, some kind of chairs.

•          Polystyrene

Food containers

•          pvc

In water tubes, cable containers.

•          Polypropylene

Chairs, Strings, some kinds of chairs and bags

•          Polyacrylonitrile

outdoor awnings, fibers

•          polyvinyl acetate

Wood glue, sanitary towels, paste of envelope

It´s very important to recycle this materials to help the world environmental. 

Nomenclature of Polymerization Reaction by Addition

Nomenclature of Polymerization Reaction by Addition

A polymer is a substance composed of macromolecules, molecules that contain a very large number of atoms and have a high molecular weight. Polymers need not be homogeneous, and most are not. Even one as simple as polyethylene is a mixture of macromolecules with different chain lengths and different degrees of branching.

Although the IUPAC has set forth rules for naming polymers according to structure, an alternative IUPAC source-based system that names polymers according to the monomers from which they are prepared is more widely used.

When the name of the monomer is a single word, the polymer derived from it is generated by simply adding the prefix poly-.  (Acrylonitrile – Polyacrylonitrile)

When the name of the monomer consists of two words, both words are enclosed in parentheses immediately following poly. Thus, polyacrylonitrile and poly (vinyl chloride) are the polymers of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride respectively.

The convention for writing polymer formulas is to enclose the repeating unit within brackets, followed by the letter “n” to indicate that the number of repeating units is not specified. It is, however, assumed to be large.

The structural difference between the two is that the value of “n” is larger for poly (ethylene oxide) than for poly (ethylene glycol). Therefore, their physical properties are different and they are known by different source-based names.

Many polymers are routinely referred to by their common names or trade names.

The Halogen compounds physical properties

These are toxic, reactive and are found only in compounds with other elements

Fluorine and chlorine are strong oxidizing agents.

Electrolysis does not work for aqueous solutions of fluorides.

The ones that contains one halogen in its molecule are called monohalides & depending on that number changes its name.

Organofluorine compounds.

These compounds are the most used in the industry; they have a wide range of function and can serve as refrigerants, pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, surfactants, ozone depletors, poisons, or pollutants.

Organochlorine compounds

Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of applications. Many derivatives are controversial because of the effects of these compounds on the environment and on human and animal health.

Organobromine compunds

Organobromine compounds are organic compounds that contain carbon bonded to bromine . The most pervasive is the naturally produced bromomethane . One prominent application is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants . A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals.

Organoiodine compounds

Organoiodine compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more carbon–iodine bonds. They occur widely in organic chemistry, but are relatively rare in nature. The thyroxine hormones are organoiodine compounds that are required for health and the reason for government-mandated iodization of salt. Few organoiodine compounds are important industrially, at least in terms of large scale production.

Chlorofluorocarbons

One of the most important negative effects of halogenated compounds is the one caused by the Chlorofluorocarbons in the ozone layer.

Chlorofluorocarbons   are an organic compounds that contains carbon , chlorine , and fluorine , produced as a volatile derivatives of methane and ethane. The manufacture of such compounds has been phased out by the Montreal Protocol because they contribute to ozone depletion . Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer.

Uses and Applications and Impact on health and the environment

Nomenclature

Nomenclature

They are subdivided into alkyl, vinylic, aryl, and acyl halides.

To understand better this four concepts here are general ideas of this kind of halides.

In alkyl halides (haloalkanes) all four bonds to the carbon that bears the halogen are single bonds.

In vinylic halides (haloalkenes) the carbon that bears the halogen is doubly bonded to another carbon.

In aryl halides (haloaromatics) the halogen-bearing carbon is part of an aromatic ring.

In acyl halides (acid halides) the halogen-bearing carbon is doubly bonded to oxygen.

Two types of IUPAC nomenclature are used when naming organohalogen compounds: substitutive and functional class.

In substitutive nomenclature the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo- is added to the name of the hydrocarbon framework along with a number, identifying the carbon to which the halogen is attached.

Substituents, including the halogen, are listed in alphabetical order.

In Functional Class nomenclature two separate words are used when naming this halides.

The first word is the IUPAC name of the alkyl or alkene group and the second is the word fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide, this  word depending on the halogen. The hydrocarbon group chain is numbered beginning at the carbon to which the halogen is attached.

What halogen compounds are?

They belong to the functional group of halogen.

High density

Used in refrigerants, solvents, pestisides, repel moths and some plastics

Halogenated derivates are organic compunds that contain one or more halogens units molecule called HALIDES

Halides come form the greek halos = salt

Are compunds that contain the group VII

 of elements in the -1 oxidation state

General Formula

X-R

X= Halogen

R= Radical like F, Cl, Br and I

Abstract

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to know in depth about these hydrocarbons, knowing how to comply, as distinguished chemically speaking, the uses and applications that can give you, and know that every action has a reaction, the impact these products in the environment and finally their physical properties can identify wear, price, how easy it is handling.

 We intend to publicize these little things to teach a general part of these issues and we understand the importance in our daily lives.

 Knowledge of these compounds is important to understand the formation of several products, such as the PVC material being inexpensive and manageable to do certain things, this also being a product that is not as clean.

Outline

Outline

I. - Halogenated Compounds

1.    General Formula of Halogenated Compounds

2.    Nomenclature

3.    Uses, applications and ambient impact

4.    Physical Properties.

II. - Addition Polymerization Reactions  

1.    Nomenclature

2.    Uses, applications and ambient impact

3.    Physical Properties.